拖慢美國製造業的隱藏瓶頸不在機器——而在知識

(SeaPRwire) –   本世紀技術領域最具決定性的故事之一，是軟體如何徹底改變我們的工作方式。如今，我們溝通、分享資訊以及管理公司的方式，與 2000 年的前輩們相比已截然不同。

然而，全球規模最大的產業之一在很大程度上仍舊錯過了軟體革命，其運作方式在驚人的程度上依然依賴於人類的經驗。在製造業中，真正的瓶頸通常不是工廠裡的機器，而是操作機器的人——他們腦海中積累著多年辛苦獲得的知識，每份工作都為這份 expertise 增添了寶貴的一筆……而這種 expertise 幾乎無法擴展。

就目前美國的情況而言，關稅再次成為工業政策的中心議題，這具有重要意義。華盛頓方面現在突然希望增加美國的工業產能。雖然政策可以改變激勵措施，但僅靠政策本身無法創造能力。

太多關於回岸（reshoring）的討論仍然忽略了這一點：工廠的限制不僅體現在物理層面，也體現在認知層面。

除了建築、機器和客戶之外，你還需要真正懂得如何營運工廠的專家：包括報價新訂單、規劃工序、避免浪費，並應對車間裡機器及其操作者特有的問題。目前，仍有太多工作流程必須依靠個人頭腦來完成。

這就是製造業長期以來的問題所在。負責管理工廠的人總是更傾向於購買機器而非軟體，但這恰恰是本末倒置。機器只是固定資產；真正決定業務成敗的是那些能捕捉知識、整合團隊的智慧型系統。

我曾見過英國線上雜貨及科技公司 Ocado 的首席技術官走進倉庫的一個終端機前，該設備能精確指導他下一步該做什麼。即便他從未到過那個區域，也能立即上手。因為整個作業流程的 intelligence 已被系統完整記錄下來。

但今天，製造業絕非如此運作——每家工廠每個人都有自己的一套做法，所有這些知識都被孤立起來。如果我們想滿足社會對各種產品的需求，就必須改變這種狀況。

解決這個問題的方法就是人工智慧。但在製造業中，AI 的目的並非讓我們溝通更有效率或創造更多內容；它必須成為一個支持整個產業的基礎建設。

為製造業量身打造的人工智慧

工廠需要的是一套基於實際工具、機器、材料、公差和物理限制的智慧型系統。在製造業中，錯誤的答案會帶來實際後果，損壞昂貴的設備並中斷生產。

因此，真正有用的人工智慧必須是針對特定領域設計、高度可靠且融入實際工作流程中的。在我創辦的公司 CloudNC，我們開發了一套「思考方式如同技師」的人工智慧系統，目前已加速了美國數百個工廠中的 CNC 機械程式設計。這並非一蹴可幾的成果——從構思到實現耗時十年（至今仍在持續改進），或許永遠無法完美，但它證明了專家的判斷可以轉化為軟體。

一旦實現這一目標，影響將立竿見影。當今製造業隱藏的成本之一，就是等待唯一知道該如何執行任務、建立刀路路徑或做出關鍵決策的專家。透過人工智慧解放高階程式設計師的重複性工作，讓他們能監督更多項目，或是給予新手一個良好的起點而非空白畫面。正確應用領域特定的人工智慧，可使最佳實踐更加一致，並消除專家知識稀缺所導致的瓶頸。

這就是為什麼人工智慧對回岸政策和國防至關重要，遠超過大多數人的認知。如果美國希望建立更強大的工業基礎，就不能只依賴關稅、補貼或新建廠房，還需要有能吸收更多複雜性、用現有 skilled workforce 生產更多產品的 factories。這點在國防領域尤為重要，因為相關議論已明確轉向 manufacturability（製造可行性）、affordability（成本效益）和 speed（速度）三大核心要素。

這種轉變不會停留在 CAM（電腦輔助製造）或單一流程上。同樣的模式將在報價、製程規劃、排程、裝設、檢驗以及 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that still live in tribal knowledge 等 dozens of operational decisions that 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